大佬小传
NADPH 2016-12-25
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伯纳德·巴尔斯Bernie Baars was born in Amsterdam (1946), moved to Los Angeles when
he was 11 years old, and studied psychology at UCLA. Rejecting the behaviourism
of the time, he trained first in psycholinguistics, and then changed
to cognitive neuroscience and became interested in artificial intelligence and
consciousness. From the early 1980s he began developing Global Workspace
Theory, which is described in his books A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness
(1988) and In the Theatre of Consciousness (1997). He is Senior Fellow in
Theoretical Neurobiology at the Neurosciences Institute in San Diego,
California. He is co-editor of the journal Consciousness and Cognition and
founding Editor of the web newsletter Science and Consciousness Review and
of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC).
内德·布洛克Ned Block ( b. 1942) gained his PhD in philosophy from Harvard, held the
Chair of the Philosophy Program at MIT, and since 1996 has been Professor
of Philosophy and Psychology at NYU. He is best known for his criticisms
of cognitive science and functionalism, for thought experiments such as
the Chinese nation or China brain discussed here, and for his distinction
between access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness. He edited
The Nature of Consciousness: Philosophical Debates (1997).
大卫·查默斯Born in Australia (1966), David Chalmers originally intended to be a mathematician,
but soon became interested in consciousness instead. He studied
at Oxford, before working in Douglas Hofstadter’s research group for a PhD
in philosophy and cognitive science in 1983. His philosophical interests range
from artificial intelligence and computation to issues of meaning and possibility.
He coined the term ‘the hard problem’, contrasting it with the ‘easy
problems’ of consciousness. After many years as Director of the Center for
Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona, where he organized the
biennial ‘Toward a Science of Consciousness’ conferences, he has returned
to Australia as Director for Consciousness Studies at the Australian National
University in Canberra.
帕特里夏&保罗·丘奇兰德Pat was born (1943) and brought up in Canada, studied at Pittsburgh and
Oxford, and then married fellow philosopher Paul Churchland (b. 1942). They
worked together at the University of Manitoba and the Institute of Advanced
Study in Princeton before moving in 1984 to the University of California at
San Diego where they are both professors of Philosophy, working at the
boundaries of philosophy of mind and cognitive neuroscience.
Pat is known for her outspoken views on consciousness, describing the
hard problem as a ‘Hornswoggle problem’ that will go the way of phlogiston
or caloric fluid; rejecting the philosopher’s zombie as the feeblest of thoughtexperiments,
and comparing quantum coherence in microtubules to pixie
dust in the synapses. She is author of Neurophilosophy (1986) and Brainwise
(2002). Paul is best known for his eliminative materialism and his
rejection of such common-sense folk psychological concepts as beliefs and
desires. His books include Matter and Consciousness (1984) and The Engine
of Reason: The Seat of the Soul (1996).
弗朗西斯·克里克Sir Francis Crick (1916–2004) is best known for his collaboration with James
D. Watson in their discovery of the structure of DNA: the double helix. They received
the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for this world-changing discovery
in 1962. Originally studying physics in London, Crick spent the war years
working for the Admiralty. He left in 1947, wanting to pursue the mystery of
life and the boundary between living and non-living things, and so trained in
biology, getting a PhD in X-ray diffraction at the University of Cambridge
in 1954. Years later he changed tack again and began theoretical work on
vision, the function of dreams and the nature of consciousness. Until his death
in 2004 he was a professor at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California, where
he collaborated closely with Christof Koch on their search for the neural correlates
of visual consciousness. He is author of The Astonishing Hypothesis (1994).
丹尼尔·丹尼特Dan Dennett was born (1942) in Boston, studied at Harvard, and took his
DPhil in Oxford in 1965, where he studied with Gilbert Ryle. Since 1971 he
has been at Tufts University in Massachusetts where he is Director of the
Center for Cognitive Studies. In the field of consciousness studies he is best
known for his rejection of the Cartesian theatre in favour of his theory of multiple
drafts, and for the method of heterophenomenology, but he has a long
standing interest in artificial intelligence and robots, in evolutionary theory
and memetics, and in the problems of free will. He spends the summers
on his farm in Maine where he thinks about consciousness while sailing,
mowing the hay, or making his own cider. Among his many books are The
Intentional Stance (1987), Consciousness Explained (1991), Darwin’s Dangerous
Idea (1996), and Freedom Evolves (2003).
苏珊·格林菲尔德Baroness Greenfield (b. 1950) took classics at school but changed to psychology
and physiology at Oxford. She then did a DPhil in pharmacology at
Oxford before becoming lecturer and then Professor of Pharmacology there.
In 1998 she became Director of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, and in
2001 became a Life Peer. Her research concerns neuronal mechanisms and
degeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease as well as the brain
basis of consciousness, and she has founded two neurotechnology companies.
Her books include Journey to the Centers of the Mind (1995), The Private
Life of the Brain (2000), and Tomorrow’s People (2003).
理查德·格雷戈里Richard (b. 1923) served in the RAF during the Second World War and then
went to Cambridge to read philosophy and experimental psychology, where
he remained for many years, directing the Special Senses Laboratory, investigating
the recovery of a completely blind man, and beginning his work on
visual illusions and the idea of perceptions as hypotheses. In 1967 he founded
the Department of Machine Intelligence and Perception in the University
of Edinburgh and worked on early robots. Then from 1970 he moved to
Bristol where he was Professor of Neuropsychology and Director of the
Brain and Perception Laboratory, and where his love of science and asking
questions about everything led him to found the hands-on science centre,
the Exploratory. Among his many books are Eye and Brain (1966), Mind
in Science (1981), and Odd Perceptions (1986). He is editor of the Oxford
Companion to the Mind (2004).
斯图尔特·哈梅罗夫Stuart (b. 1947) originally studied chemistry at the University of Pittsburgh,
and took his medical degree in Philadelphia before training as an anaesthesiologist.
In 1973 he moved to Arizona where he has combined his medical
career with a long-standing interest in consciousness, the loss of consciousness
under anaesthesia, and quantum physics. He is best known for his
collaboration with Roger Penrose on the theory that consciousness depends
on quantum coherence in microtubules. He is Director of the Center for
Consciousness Studies at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
克里斯托弗·科赫Christof was born in Kansas (1956) but grew up in Holland, Germany,
Canada, and Morocco. He studied physics and philosophy in Tübingen,
Germany, and gained his PhD there in 1982. After four years at MIT he moved
to Caltech where he is Professor of Computation and Neural Systems and
head of the Koch Lab. For many years he collaborated with Francis Crick,
searching for the neurological seat of consciousness, and ultimately developing
a framework for understanding how consciousness arises from the
interactions of neurons in the cortex and thalamus. He is a keen mountaineer
and runner. He is author of a textbook Biophysics of Computation (1999) and
The Quest for Consciousness (2003).
斯蒂芬·拉伯奇Stephen (b. 1947) originally studied mathematics and chemical physics,
before taking a break and then returning to work for a PhD in psychophysiology
at Stanford. This included his pioneering work showing that lucid dreams
really do take place during REM sleep. Since then he has continued research on
lucid dreaming and the psychophysiological correlates of states of consciousness
at Stanford. In 1988 he founded the Lucidity Institute. His books include
Lucid Dreaming (1985) and Exploring the World of Lucid Dreaming (1990).
托马斯·梅青格尔Thomas (b. 1958) studied at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt,
did his doctorate on mind-body problems at Frankfurt University, and since
then has taught at several universities in Germany and the USA. His philosophical
interests include ethics, the nature of self, and the philosophy of
science and especially of cognitive science and neuroscience. He is best known
for his self-model theory of subjective experience, and is a long-term meditator.
He is Professor of Philosophy, and Director of the Theoretical Philosophy
Group at the Johannes Gutenberg-Universität in Mainz. He has edited
Conscious Experience (1996) and Neural Correlates of Consciousness (2000) and
is author of Being No One (2003).
凯文·欧里根Kevin O’Regan (b. 1948) studied Mathematical Physics at Sussex University
and then at Cambridge where, after two years, he switched to Psychology and
a PhD on eye movements in reading. He has studied word recognition,
change blindness, and the stability of the visual world despite eye movements
and is trying to understand the phenomenal experience associated with
sensory stimulation, in part through developing a sensorimotor theory of
vision. Apart from science, his favourite activity is Capoeira. He is Director
of the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Centre National de la
Recherche Scientifique in Paris.
罗杰·彭罗斯Sir Roger Penrose (b. 1931) studied in London and took his PhD in algebraic
geometry at Cambridge. While there he began working on tessellation, work
which led to his discovery of the Penrose chickens, two shapes that will completely
tile a surface without ever repeating the pattern. He subsequently
worked on many topics in pure and applied mathematics and cosmology,
inventing twistor theory and working closely with Stephen Hawking among
others. In 1973 he became Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the
University of Oxford, and in 1994 he was knighted for services to science. His
work on consciousness and its links with quantum mechanics is described in
his books The Emperor’s New Mind (1989) and Shadows of the Mind (1994).
维拉亚纳·拉马钱德兰Originally from India, Rama (b. 1951) trained as a physician in the USA, and
then did his PhD at Trinity College, Cambridge. His earliest research was in
vision but he is best known now for his work on neurology and synaesthesia,
as well as his interest in Indian art and the connections between art, vision,
and the brain. He is Professor of Neurosciences and Psychology, and Director
of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego,
and Adjunct Professor of Biology at the Salk Institute. He is author of
Phantoms in the Brain (1998) and A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness (2004)
约翰·塞尔John Searle (b. 1932) is Mills Professor of Philosophy at Berkeley, where he
has been since 1959. He says he is, and always has been, ‘interested in everything’.
After studying at the University of Wisconsin, he spent three years as
a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford and became a don at Christ Church College. He
has won numerous awards, and whole conferences have been devoted to his
work. His Chinese room thought experiment is probably the best known
argument against the possibility of ‘Strong AI’; a term that he invented. He
says that brains cause minds and argues for biological naturalism. He has
written books on language, rationality, and consciousness, including The
Rediscovery of the Mind (1992), The Mystery of Consciousness (1997), and Mind:
A brief introduction (2004).
佩特拉·施特里希Petra Stoerig studied philosophy in Munich and then gained her PhD for work
on the mind-body problem there in 1982. That led to work on neurophilosophy
and medical psychology, as well as research on the phenomenon of blindsight.
Her research interests include the neuronal basis of consciousness,
neurophilosophy and conscious vision; she loves opera and animals and
has a special interest in ethics in science and medicine. She has worked in
Oxford, Montreal, and several universities in Germany, and holds the Chair of
Experimental Biological Psychology at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf.
弗朗西斯科·瓦雷拉Born in Chile, Francisco (1946–2001) studied biology before moving to the
USA for a PhD on insect vision at Harvard, subsequently working in France,
Germany, Chile, and the United States. He once said that he pursued one
question all his life. Why do emergent selves or virtual identities pop up
all over the place? He was best known for his work on three topics:
autopoiesis, or self-organization in living things, the enactive view of the
nervous system and cognition, and the immune system. His many years of
Buddhist meditation influenced his work on consciousness, and he was
uniquely both a phenomenologist and a working neuroscientist, coining
the term neurophenomenology. Until his death he was Director of Research
at CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) at the laboratory
of Cognitive Neurosciences and Brain Imaging in Paris. He has written
and edited books on ethics, consciousness, and phenomenology and is
co-author of The Embodied Mind (1992).
马克斯·威尔曼斯Born in Amsterdam (1942), Max Velmans did his first degree in Electrical
Engineering at Sydney and his PhD in Psychology at the University of London.
He describes his interests as folk guitar, sailing, and the nature of the universe.
His work aims to integrate philosophy, neuropsychology, and mind-body relationships
in clinical practice, to develop a programme for a nonreductionist
science of consciousness. He is Professor of Psychology at Goldsmiths
College, University of London. He has edited collections of papers on consciousness
and is author of Understanding Consciousness (2000) and How
Could Conscious Experiences Affect Brains? (2003).
丹尼尔·韦格纳Born in Canada (1948), Daniel Wegner studied physics in Michigan but
changed to psychology as an anti-war statement in 1969, and began work on
questions of self control, agency, and free will. He has done numerous experiments
on thought suppression, as well as how the illusion of free will is created.
He not only plays the piano but has four synthesizers and composes
techno music. He spent 15 years teaching at Trinity College in Texas, and then
became Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. He is author or editor
of books on the self and social cognition as well as White Bears and Other
Unwanted Thoughts (1989) and The Illusion of Conscious Will (2002).
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