读书摘抄

        • How to Become a Straight-A Student 笔记

        • PART 1 Study Basics
        • pseudo-working（伪学习）
        • the importance of avoiding this trap — the ability to get work done quickly and with a minimum of wasted effort.
        • work accomplished = time spent × intensity of focus
        • Straight-A Students follow an efficient schedule: They replace long, low-intensity stretches of work with a small number of short, high-intensity sessions.
        • also: technical details in part 2 and part 3
        • how?
        • the presentation of a simple time-management system
        • fight procrastination
        • the basic idea
        • Step 1 Manage Your Time in Five Minutes a Day (time management system)
        • what you need 1)a calendar; 2)a list(you do have to carry around with you)
        • methods
        • (1) Jot down new tasks and assignments on your list during the day;
        • (2) next morning, transfer these new items from your list onto your calendar;
        • (3) then take a couple of minutes to plan your day.
        • strategies
        • update your calendar each morning
        • Transfer these new items onto your calendar. Write the deadlines on the appropriate dates, and write the to-dos on the days when you plan to complete them.
        • move the to-dos that you planned for yesterday, but didn’t complete, to new days on your calendar
        • record the tasks you will have time for into the Today’s Schedule column of your list
        • Step 2 Declare War on Procrastination
        • five anti-procrastination battle plans
        • Plan 1 Keep a work progress journal
        • every day record what you wanted to accomplish and whether or not you succeeded
        • Plan 2 Feed the Machine
        • the nutrition rules
        • 1. Drink water constantly.
        • 2. Monitor your caffeine intake carefully.
        • 3. Treat food as a source of energy, not satisfaction.
        • 4.Don’t skip meals.
        • Plan 3 Make an event out of the worst tasks
        • Transform horrible tasks into a big event to help you gather the energy to start.
        • Plan 4 Build a routine
        • Once you’ve identified these protected hours, use them to do the same work each week——transforming these slices of work into a habit.
        • Plan 5 Choose your hard days
        • Step 3 Choose When, Where, and How Long
        • when:the best time to study: Early
        • you must minimize the amount of work you do after dinner.
        • Bring your materials with you throughout the day, and fill in any small patches of free time with productive work.
        • where: in isolation
        • how long: No more than one hour at a time without a break.

        • PART 2 Quizzes and Exams ——the techniques
        • step 1 Take Small Notes
        • First things first: Always go to class!——because it saves you time; Gather the Right Materials ——Use your laptop.
        • in Nontechnical Courses
        • Identify the big ideas：The solution is to figure out how to take notes that clearly identify and explain all of the big ideas that are presented
        • Format Your Notes Aggressively
        • Capture Big Ideas by Using the Question/Evidence/Conclusion Structure
        • in Technical Courses
        • record as many sample problems as possible
        • Don’t Read Your Assignments, but Do Keep Them Handy
        • Prioritize Your Note-taking
        • First priority: Record the problem statement and answer.
        • Second priority: Question the confusing.
        • Third priority: Record the steps of the sample problem.
        • Final priority: Annotate the steps.
        • step 2 Demote Your Assignments
        • getting ahead on class work : Work Constantly on assignments, in small chunks, every day; avoid suffering from day-before syndrome
        • Don’t Read Everything
        • Read only the favored sources on the syllabus in detail.
        • Readings that make an argument are more important than readings that describe an event or person, which are more important than readings that only provide context
        • Take Smart Notes on Your Favored Reading Assignments
        • all big ideas can be reduced to a question, evidence, and conclusion
        • 1.try to take notes on your computer
        • 2.carefully read the beginning of the assignment
        • 3.look for the author’s conclusion (the thesis statement)
        • 4.Skim the entire reading
        • Don’t Work Alone on Problem Sets
        • Solve Problems on the Go
        • think about the problem in between other activities
        • Write Solutions Right the First Time
        • step 3 Marshal(整理) Your Resources
        • forget the conventional wisdom that more studying equals better grades.
        • when faced with a looming quiz or exam, you have to do only two things.
        • Figure out exactly what the test will cover.
        • organize your material intelligently.
        • Define the Challenge
        • Build a Study Guide (Organizing Nontechnical Course Material)
        • Construct a Mega-Problem Set (Organizing Technical Course Material)
        • Prepare Memorization Aids: by using flash cards
        • Schedule Your Organization Wisely
        • perform a targeted review of this material.
        • step 4 Conquer the Material
        • Trust the #Quiz-and-Recall Method#
        • the most effective way to imprint a concept is to first review it and then try to explain it, unaided, in your own words.
        • Using the Quiz-and-Recall Method for Nontechnical Courses
        • 1.built your practice quizzes
        • 2. For each question, try to articulate the matching conclusion and provide some highlights from the supporting evidence.
        • Don’t do this only in your head 1)say your answers out 2) write and manipulate the material in mind
        • 3.then take a quick break and mark on your second run-through
        • Using the Quiz-and-Recall Method for Technical Courses
        • Memorize over Time: separate the task of memorizing
        • step 5 invest in “Academic Disaster Insurance”
        • Eliminate your question marks for topics covered in class or from the reading that you don’t understand.
        • step 6 provide A+ Answers

        • PART 3 Essays and Papers
        • Step 1. Target a Titillating Topic
        • Start looking for an interesting topic early.
        • Step 2. Conduct a Thesis-Hunting Expedition
        • Start with general sources and then follow references to find the more targeted sources where good thesis ideas often hide.
        • Step 3. Seek a Second Opinion
        • A thesis is not a thesis until a professor has approved it.
        • Step 4. Research like a Machine
        • Find sources; Make personal copies of all sources; Annotate the material; Decide if you’re done.
        • Step 5. Craft a Powerful Story
        • There is no shortcut to developing a well balanced and easy-to-follow argument.
        • Dedicate a good deal of thought over time to getting it right.
        • Describe your argument in a topic-level outline.
        • Type supporting quotes from sources directly into your outline.
        • Step 6. Consult Your Expert Panel
        • Before starting to write, get some opinions on the organization of your argument and your support from classmates and friends who are familiar with the general area of study.
        • The more important the paper, the more people who should review it.
        • Step 7. Write Without the Agony(痛苦)
        • Follow your outline and articulate your points clearly.
        • Write no more than three to five pages per weekday and five to eight pages per weekend day.
        • Step 8. Fix, Don’t Fixate
        • Solid editing requires only three careful passes: The Argument Adjustment Pass； The Out Loud Pass； The Sanity Pass