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l SHORT HISTORICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR HENRY SWEET, M. A., PH. D., LL. D. FwrnerZy Presinent of the PhiloLgical Society Editorof The O drst Etzglish Texts, AIfreds Cura Pasforalis and Omsi s Author of An Anglo-Saxott Reader A First and A Second MicidlE-English Pniner A Pnitrer of Sjoken English, A History of English Sounds A Nezu English Grammar A Prirner of Phmaetics, Shelleys Natvrre-Poetw, etc. m a r b AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1892 0pforb P R I N T E D AT THE CLARENDON PRESS BY HORACE HART. PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY C O N T E N T S PACE HISTORY OF ENGLISH . . I Periods 5 I. Cognate Langnages Q a. Old Epglish . 3 Characteristics g I 2. Latin Influence 5 13. Celtic Influence 5 14. Scandinavian Influence 5 15. French Influence 5 17. Middle English . . 6 Dialects 5 21. French and English 5 24. Rise of the London Dialect Q 26. Scandinavian Influence 5 28. French Influence 5 29. Latin Influence Q 31. Modern English . . 11 Influence of other Languages 5 36. Periods Q 40. PHONOLOGY. PHONETICS. Analysis . I4 Breath and Voice 5 qq. Nasal Sounds Q 45. Consonants 5 46. Vowels Q 47. Vowel-like Consonants Q 48. Synthesis . 15 Quantity 5 50. Stress Q 51. Intonation 5 53. Glides 5 54. Syllables 5 56. Diphthongs 5 57. b 2 CONTENTS. PAGR Vowela . 17 Rounding Q 59. Tongue-retraction Q 60. Tongue-height 5 62. Vowels in Detail Q 63. Consonants . . a1 Form 5 81. Place 9 86. Rounding, Fronting Q 92. The Aspirate Q g. R in English Q 97. LAWS OF SOUND-CHANGE . 25 OLD ENGLISH SOUNDS. Orthography . a6 Pronunciation . 27 Stresa 29 Quantity . 31 Vowel8 31 Mutation 5 131. Consonant-influence 5 134. Conaonanta . 35 3radation . 36 DDLE-ENGLIS S H OU NDS. Orthogrsphy . 37 Stress . 41 Quantity . - 42 Vowel8 . 43 Consonants. - 47 MODERN ENGLISH SOUND-CHANGES. Orthography. 53 Voweh . 58 Consonants . 63 PRESENT ENGLISH. Streaa . 67 Quantity . 70 CONTENTS. ACCIDENCE. PAGE NOUNS. Old English . . 72 Gender 5 266. Cases 5 269. Early Middle English . 76 Late Middle English . . So Modern English . . 81 Irregular Plurals 5 31 j. Foreign Plurals 5 320. ADJECTIVES. Idections . . Sg Old English Q 328. Middle English 5 334. Modern English 5 33s. Comparison . 90 Old English 5 339. Middle English Q 340. Modern English 5 34. Irregular 5 344-PRONOUNS . 95 Personal . 97 Old English 5 359. Middle English 5 362. Modem English 5 375-Possessive . . 107 Demonstrative . . 112 one, a none, no . . rrg Interrogative and Relative . . 117 Deflnite . . 119 Indefinite . . 119 Quantitative . . 121 CONTENTS. xi PAGE PARTICLES. Adverb-endings . . . . 191 Adverbs from Nouns and Adjectives. l94 Pronominal Adverbs . - 197 Correlative Particles . I99 Pronominal Conjunctions . . 200 Negation and A lrmation . . 201 Compazison of Adverbs . . 202 PREPOSITIONS . . 204 Old English 5 764. Middle and Modern English 5 770. INTERJECTIONS . . 207 COMPOSITION. Old English . . 208 Modern English . . 210 Meaning of Compounds . . 212 DERIVATION. Native Elements. PREFIXES . . 214 5-5 803 g-5 805 be-806 for-5 807 ge-5 808 mis s 809 of- 810 on-5 811 tb-5 812 un-5 813. 1CToun-forming. a Concrete - end 5 8 2 2 - ere 5 8 23 - estre 5 824 - ing 5 825 - ling 5 826 - en 5 827. 6 Abstract - nis 5 828 - U 5 829 - uj, - P 5 830 - ung, - ing 8 831 - - dbm 832 - h5d 5 833 - rEden 5 834 - scipe 5 835. Adjctive-fwtning - ede Q 836 - en 5 837 - ig 5 838 - isc 5 839 - sum f 840 - - feald 5 841 - full Q 842 - leas 5 843 - 1ic 5 844 - weard 845. Verb-forming - W Q 846 - sian 5847 - - 1kan Q 848.