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THE Deed of Founclation of the Shaw Fellowship provides that it shall be in the power of the Senatus Acadenlicus of the University of Edinburgh to require the holder of the Shaw Philosophical Fellowship, during the fourth or fifth year of his tenure of it, to deliver in the Uiniversity of Edinburgh a course of Lectures, not exceeding four, on any of the subjects for the encouragement of the study of which the Fellowship has been founded. The following pages consist of four lectures delivered in the Uiliversity of Edinburgh, in accordance with this provision, in the month of January 1884. Since their delivery, the argument of the lectures has been revised, and in some places enlarged. I have also thought it better to modify their original forin by dividing the discussion into chapters. W. 1. S. CHAPTER I. ETHICS ASD ITS PROBLEMS. . PAGE 1. Connection of ethics with theoretical philosophy, . 1 a Dependence of ethical on theoretical poiuts of view, . 1 b Ethics necessary to complete philosophy, . 3 2. The inquiry into the ethical end, . 5 a Fundamental, . 5 b Implies a new point of view, . 7 c Distinct from other ethical questions, . . . . 9 a From the inquiry into the methods of ethics, . 10 B From moral psychology and sociology, . . 13 3. Scope of the present inquiry, . 14 PART I. THE INDIVIDUriLTSTIC THEORY. CHAPTER 11. EGOISJI. b Definition of Naturalism, 20 - M Pyschological hedonism, . 21 CONTESTS. 1. Its theory of action ambiguous, ., 22 Referring to- a Actual consequences of action, . . 23 b Or its expected consequences, . 23 c Or its present characteristics, . 24 2. Ethical inferences from this theory, . . 25 3. Transition from psychological to ethical hedonism, . 31 4. Possibleobjections considered, . . 37 CHAPTER 111. THE TRASSITION TO UTILITARIARISM. 1. Difference of the standpoints of individual and State, . 2. Connection, betm-een egoism and utilitarianisnl according to Bentham, a Utilitarianism not a political duty, . b Nor a moral duty, . c Kor insisted on as a religious duty, . d Nor sufficiently rnotived in private ethics, . 3. Exhaustive character of Benthams treatment from his point of view, . a The religious sanction P, b Limits of the political sanction, c Uncertainty of the social sanction, . d And of the internal saiiction so far as a result of the social, . 4. Mills logical defence of utilitarianism, . a Distinctio o f kinds of pleasure, b Ambiguities in his proof, . 5. Actual transition to utilitarianism, . a Recognition of sympathy, . b The idea of equality, . 6. The two sides of utilitarian theory without logical connection, . 7. Summary of the ethical consequences of psychological hedonism, . CHAPTER IV. 1. A uniform psychological theory not supplied by the opponents of ethical hedonism, . 78 2. The non-hedonistic theory of action, . 84 3. Ethics made to depend on the moral sense, . . 89 a As harmony of impulses, . 90 b As a separate sensitive faculty, . 92 c As an internal law, . 100 4. The ethics of moral sentiment a mediating theory, . . 105 PART 11. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTIOX. CHAPTER V. THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPJIENT OF MORALITY. 1. General characteristics of the theory of evolution, . An assertion of the unity of life, . 4 Primarily historical, but capable of ethical application, 2. The development of morality, a Historical psychology, . Its difficulties, Its result, . b Development of society, CHAPTER VI. Rearing of thetheory of evolution, . 1. On theories depending on moral sentiment or intuition, . X COSTENTS...